Immune checkpoint inhibitors enable T cells to kill tumors by reversing the combination of programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) of T cells and programmed cell death-Ligand 1(PD-L1) of tumor cells which is aimed at patients with recurrent EOC characterized by microsatellite instability-high, mismatch repair deficiency, or high tumor mutation burden. For example, the overall germline and somatic mutation rates of BRCA1/2 or homologous recombination deficiency in EOC patients are only about 24%.

However, many patients did not benefit from the targeted treatments for the absence of related gene mutations. Targeted therapies of EOC include vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors, poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPi), and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Currently, debulking surgery combined with adjuvant chemotherapy and/or targeted therapy is the standard treatment of EOC. However, the 5-year survival rate of ovarian cancer remained unchanged, only about 48.6%. During the past two decades, the overall mortality rate of all cancers decreased by about 29% with the advancement of screening and treatment modalities. EOC accounts for about 2.5% of all female malignant tumors, but its mortality rate ranks the first in malignant tumors of the female reproductive system.

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